Pakistan’s Evolving Landscape: From Energy Challenges to Security Concerns

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Historically, Pakistan’s energy systems have been heavily reliant on global supply routes, particularly those passing through the Strait of Hormuz. This dependence has often left the nation vulnerable to fluctuations in global energy prices and supply disruptions. However, recent years have seen a notable shift in Pakistan’s energy landscape, particularly with the rise of solar energy as a viable alternative.

Before this transformation, Pakistan’s energy mix was dominated by fossil fuels, with solar energy accounting for just 2.9% of the total energy share in 2020. The reliance on traditional energy sources not only strained the economy but also contributed to environmental concerns. As the country faced escalating energy demands, the need for a sustainable solution became increasingly urgent.

The decisive moment came with the introduction of a net-metering policy in 2015, which incentivized households to adopt solar energy. By 2025, the solar share in Pakistan’s energy mix is projected to soar to 32.3%, with a quarter of households utilizing solar panels. The price of solar panels has also significantly decreased, now standing at about 30 rupees ($0.10) per watt, making it more accessible for the average consumer.

As solar energy adoption surged, direct effects on the economy became evident. The solar boom has enabled Pakistan to save over $12 billion in fuel imports since 2018, alleviating some financial pressure on the government. Additionally, the number of households with net-metering has surpassed 280,000, indicating a growing trend towards renewable energy solutions.

However, alongside these advancements in energy, Pakistan is also grappling with security challenges. Recently, Uttar Pradesh Police arrested four suspected handlers of an ISI-linked terror module in Lucknow, who were allegedly planning to execute blasts at significant locations, including railway stations. The head of the gang, Saquib, was reportedly in contact with his Pakistani handlers via social media, raising concerns about the ongoing threat of terrorism.

Pakistan Senator Mushahid Hussain has voiced apprehensions regarding the strengthening ties between India and the UAE, suggesting that such relationships could complicate Pakistan’s geopolitical standing. He remarked, “Friendly ties with them do not land you up as part of Akhand Bharat,” highlighting the delicate balance Pakistan must maintain in its foreign relations.

As the country prepares to repay approximately $3.5 billion to the UAE, originally extended in 2019, the economic implications of these relationships are significant. The interplay between energy advancements and security concerns presents a complex narrative for Pakistan, as it seeks to navigate its future amidst both opportunities and challenges.

Experts like Rabia Babar emphasize that Pakistan’s solar revolution was not orchestrated by the government but rather emerged organically from the grassroots level, stating, “Pakistan’s solar revolution wasn’t planned in Islamabad – it was built on rooftops.” This sentiment reflects the innovative spirit of the Pakistani populace in addressing energy challenges. Meanwhile, the affordability of solar technology, particularly the influx of cheap Chinese solar panels, is reshaping the renewable energy sector across developing countries.