Under Raúl Castro’s leadership, Cuba experienced a notable decline in its GDP, which fell by 11 percent in 2020. This economic downturn was exacerbated by the oil blockade imposed by the Trump administration, leading to nationwide blackouts and a humanitarian crisis, as highlighted by the United Nations. The blockade significantly affected the delivery of essential services, including healthcare, which was described by World Health Organization Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus as being in peril.

Raúl Castro’s presidency was marked by attempts to modernize the Cuban economy, including the removal of wage restraints and the allowance of private enterprise. These reforms resulted in the layoff of approximately 500,000 government employees, reflecting a significant shift in Cuba’s economic strategy. Despite these changes, the Cuban population remains largely affected by the historical context of the revolution, with around 70 percent of the population born after Fidel Castro’s rise to power in 1959.

Raúl Castro’s leadership also saw a thawing of relations between Cuba and the United States, particularly during his historic talks with President Barack Obama in 2014. These discussions led to the reopening of embassies and a re-establishment of diplomatic relations, marking a significant moment in U.S.-Cuba relations. However, the subsequent administration under Donald Trump reversed many of these diplomatic advances, reinstating tensions that had been eased under Obama.

In April 2021, Raúl Castro announced his retirement from the Communist Party, signaling an end to an era that began with his brother Fidel Castro’s leadership. This transition raises questions about the future direction of Cuba under the new leadership of Miguel Díaz-Canel, who has emphasized the need for dialogue and the establishment of common agendas of interest among the parties involved.

As Cuba continues to navigate its political and economic challenges, the impact of Fidel Castro’s policies and leadership remains evident. The country is in need of approximately 94 million dollars to address the ongoing energy crisis and the damage caused by hurricanes, highlighting the urgent need for effective governance and international support.

Details remain unconfirmed regarding the long-term effects of these transitions on Cuba’s political stability and economic recovery. The future of Cuba’s governance and its relationship with the international community will depend significantly on the actions taken by its current leaders in response to the challenges inherited from Fidel Castro’s era.

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